Nurse Ben Is Reviewing the Adverse Effects of Lamotrigine
Standing Pedagogy Activity
Carbamazepine is used to manage and care for epilepsy, trigeminal neuralgia, and astute manic and mixed episodes in bipolar I disorder. Indications for epilepsy are specifically for partial seizures with circuitous symptomatology (psychomotor, temporal lobe), generalized tonic seizures (g mal), and mixed seizure patterns. This action volition highlight off-characterization uses, mechanism of action, dosing, adverse furnishings, contraindications, and other central factors regarding carbamazepine.
Objectives:
- Identify patients at increased gamble for adverse dermatological furnishings from carbamazepine.
- Outline the indications for carbamazepine.
- Summarize the management of carbamazepine toxicity.
- Describe the importance of coordinated activity among interprofessional team members to amend patient outcomes in patients treated with carbamazepine.
Indications
Carbamazepine is FDA indicated for epilepsy, trigeminal neuralgia, and astute manic and mixed episodes in bipolar I disorder.[one][2] Indications for epilepsy are specifically for fractional seizures with complex symptomatology (psychomotor, temporal lobe), generalized tonic seizures (chiliad mal), and mixed seizure patterns.[1] Carbamazepine is not indicated for absenteeism seizures.[3] Carbamazepine is FDA indicated as a starting time-line treatment for trigeminal neuralgia or tic douloureux. A systemic review shows the efficacy of carbamazepine extended-release in bipolar I mania in patients with acute manic or mixed episodes.[4]
Carbamazepine is used off-characterization for refractory schizophrenia. Simple well designed trials have shown efficacy in patients with schizophrenia with EEG abnormalities, schizophrenia with violent episodes, and schizoaffective disorder. Information technology improves both positive and negative symptoms in schizophrenic patients.[five] Other off-label uses of this drug include treating restless leg syndrome and decreasing agitation and aggression in patients with dementia.[6][7] Another prominent off-label use of this drug is the treatment of neuropathic pain and fibromyalgia.[8] In patients with moderate to severe alcohol withdrawal syndrome, carbamazepine has shown clinical efficacy in treatment. However, this indication does not have approval from the FDA, and it has not been shown to prevent booze withdrawal seizures compared to benzodiazepines.[9] Carbamazepine is as well used off-characterization for maintenance therapy for bipolar disorder. In a comparison trial among carbamazepine, lithium, and valproic acrid, patients taking carbamazepine has a higher risk for relapse, yet not elevated past a significant amount.[x]
Machinery of Action
Carbamazepine modulates voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSC), causing inhibition of action potentials and decreased synaptic manual. Similar to other anti-convulsions, carbamazepine is suggested to bind to the alpha subunit of VGSC, specifically at a binding pocket formed past the external pore loop and the pore-lining function of domain 4.[11] Researchers proposed that carbamazepine keeps sodium channels in inactivated states, leading to fewer channels to open and thus inhibits the generation of action potentials.[1] Carbamazepine also binds to other voltage-gated ion channels, such every bit voltage-gated calcium channels.[xi]
Administration
Carbamazepine is available as conventional tablets (100mg, 200mg), extended-release tablets (100 mg, 200 mg, 300 mg, and 400 mg), suspensions, and solutions. Extended-release tablets cannot be crushed or chewed. Tegretol and Tegretol XR should exist taken with food, while Carbatrol capsules may exist opened and sprinkled on food. Initial dosing is 200 mg twice daily in adults and 100 mg twice daily in children under 12, slowly increasing over time to a minimum effective level. Minimum constructive levels in adults and children over 12 years are 800 mg to 1200 mg daily for the treatment of epilepsy. In children from half-dozen to 12 years, the effective level for treatment of epilepsy is 400 mg to 800 mg daily.[12]
Adverse Effects
The most mutual side effects of carbamazepine include dizziness, drowsiness, ataxia, nausea, and vomiting. Although rarer in occurrence, this comes with a blackness box warning for several astringent dermatologic reactions. In patients of Han Chinese ancestry, studies accept indicated a strong clan betwixt the HLA-B*1502 gene and Steven Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis (SJS/Ten). Studies have shown no increased risk with this factor and SJS/TEN in Iranian patients.[13] A meta-analysis of 11 studies with 343 cases of carbamazepine-induced SJS/10 showed HLB-B*4001, HLB*4601, and HLB*5801 genes were strong protective factors. Patients of Han Chinese ancestry should undergo testing for the HLA-B*1502 cistron. Upwardly to ninety % of patients on carbamazepine who have this reaction experience it inside the offset few months of treatment. Another of import allele to consider with this medication is HLA*3101. This allele is present in Japanese, Korean, and European ancestry.[1][fourteen] Retrospective studies bear witness a significantly increased incidence of dermatologic reactions such every bit Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidemic necrolysis, maculopapular eruptions, and drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (Clothes syndrome).[1]
Carbamazepine has another black box warning on agranulocytosis and aplastic anemia.[10] Other serious side furnishings include central nervous organization low, hepatotoxicity, confusion, renal toxicity, suicidal ideation, and hyponatremia. Hyponatremia is balmy, transient, and reversible.[xv]
Due to the mild anticholinergic activity, carbamazepine can increase the risk of delirium in the elderly population. This effect can also pb to urinary retention, increased intraocular pressure, and constipation.[sixteen]
Carbamazepine can exacerbate heart failure patients or fifty-fifty lead to cardiac dysfunction in healthy patients due to its trend to cause homocysteinemia. Homocysteine is ordinarily known to increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. Patients with cardiac conduction issues have a higher chance of undergoing atrioventricular (AV) eye block. The use of this drug in patients with an abnormal ECG should be avoided to elude potential second and third-degree AV eye cake.
This drug is teratogenic and is a category D drug in pregnancy. Although contraindications to carbamazepine do not include pregnancy, clinicians should only use it if the benefits outweigh the increased risk of congenital malformation. Such malformations include spina bifida, craniofacial defection, cardiovascular cutaneous malformation, hypospadias, and developmental delays. Plasma level is reduced during pregnancy, likely related to increased metabolism. Carbamazepine can cross the placenta, and this drug can also be transferred through chest milk in nursing infants, prompting the demand to decide whether to discontinue nursing or discontinue the drug in the mother.[17][18] Carbamazepine has a relatively low teratogenic consequence in comparison to Valproic acid.[19] Precautions should exist taking in mixed seizure disorder that includes atypical absence seizures. There is an increased frequency of generalized convulsions in this group of patients with this drug.
Contraindications
Carbamazepine is contraindicated in patients with bone marrow low and hypersensitivity to this drug or tricyclic compounds such every bit amitriptyline.[20] Before assistants, monoamine oxidase inhibitors should be discontinued for a minimum of 14 days. Usage carbamazepine and nefazodone together may result in bereft plasma concentration of nefazodone. Carbamazepine is contraindicated in use with nefazodone.
Monitoring
Carbamazepine is metabolized in the liver to carbamazepine-10, eleven-epoxide, which is the active metabolite the leads to pharmacological activity.[one] Earlier administering this drug, a few labs merit consideration. Screening for HLA-A*3101 and HLA-B*1502 genotypes should be conducted alongside a pregnancy test.[1] Complete blood counts (CBC) are necessary at baseline, and therapy should stop if a low white blood count or platelet count appears on subsequent lab results. Liver enzymes crave an assessment to avoid acute liver failure. This drug shows an increased hazard for suicidal thoughts and behavior, prompting psychiatric evaluation of patients of this drug if possible. Patients with increased intraocular force per unit area should have periodic centre examinations to look out for specific ocular changes, focusing on the slit lamp, fundoscopy, and tonometry. This drug has shown increased porphyrin production in rodents. Patients with a history of porphyrias, such as acute intermittent porphyry, variegate porphyria, and porphyria cutanea tarda, should exist advisedly monitored to avoid astute attacks.
Clinicians should discontinue this drug at the first sign of a drug-related rash, whatsoever show of pregnant bone marrow depression, or worsening hepatic damage. Withdrawal should be gradual equally immediate withdrawal severely increases the risk for condition epilepticus. Abrupt discontinuation leads to astringent hypoxia that can be fatal, particularly to a pregnant woman. Even smaller seizures from withdrawing the drug also fast tin pb to significant damage to the fetus. Routine screening should be ordered with a pregnant woman to assess for possible defects.
Toxicity
In adults, doses of carbamazepine exceeding 24 grams have correlated with fatal outcomes. Acute toxicity appears after 1 to 3 hours of intake and presents with neuromuscular disturbances. Patients have impaired consciousness leading to blackout, tremor, restlessness, athetoid movements, psychomotor disturbances, dizziness, drowsiness, mydriasis, and nystagmus. Initially, patients experience hyperreflexia, but during intoxication, they progress into a state of hyporeflexia. Cardiac, vascular signs are mostly mild with low toxicity, but with doses higher than 60 grams, severe cardiac dysfunction tin can occur. In cases of astute toxicity, respiratory depression, ECG abnormalities, tachycardia, shock, and urinary retention crave monitoring and management to avoid end-organ damage. Treatment of an overdose focuses on eliminating the drug by inducing vomiting, gastric lavage, activated charcoal, and forced diuresis. Gastric lavage is indicated even after 4 hours of indigestion.[21] Seizures acquired by carbamazepine poisoning should receive treatment with benzodiazepines such equally diazepam.
Enhancing Healthcare Squad Outcomes
Carbamazepine is often prescribed past primary intendance providers, neurologists, and pain specialists. When prescribing this medication, it is essential to inform the patient of the potential adverse effects. Therefore, patients require the attention of an entire interprofessional healthcare squad that includes clinicians, nurses, and pharmacists, all analogous their activities and engaging in open up data-sharing regarding developments in the patient's case. This interprofessional teamwork volition improve therapeutic outcomes and minimize adverse furnishings for patients receiving carbamazepine therapy. [Level 5]
The most common side effects of carbamazepine include dizziness, drowsiness, clutter, nausea, and vomiting. Although rarer in occurrence, this comes with a black box warning for several astringent dermatologic reactions. In patients of Han Chinese ancestry, studies have indicated a strong association between theHLA-B*1502 cistron and Steven Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis (SJS/10).
If the drug has been prescribed for seizures, then the primary care providers should not alter the dose without first consulting with the patient's neurologist. Patients should be warned not to combine this agent with other antiseizure medications, alcohol, or illicit drugs.
Due to CYP activities, co-administering carbamazepine with oral contraceptive hormone, warfarin, nefazodone, etc., can affect plasma levels. Carbamazepine can auto-induce its metabolism, thus reducing the one-half-life on repeated doses.
Carbamazepine is one of the outset anticonvulsants used to care for bipolar disorder. It is normally well-tolerated in comparing to Lithium and valproic acid. The new extended-release capsule approved by the FDA in 2004 is developed to decrease the fluctuation of plasma levels and lower the incidence of adverse effects.
(Click Image to Enlarge)
Carbamazepine structure
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