Paralyzed Man Walking and Swimming Again Master Fast System
The day of the finals in the powered exoskeleton race at Cybathlon 2016 opened on a less-than-promising note.
Mark Daniel, a 26-year-old former welder who'd been paralyzed from the waist down in a automobile accident at eighteen, was rushing downwards a ramp at the venue when his wheelchair defenseless on a postal service. He took a hard tumble out of his chair and onto the pavement. This alarmed his teammates, a grouping of half-dozen engineers and technicians from the Florida Found for Man & Machine Knowledge. They'd been working 12-hour days for months, designing, assembling, and refining the robotic exoskeleton arrange for which Daniel served as the lone airplane pilot. They had no Programme B. Given the public and media spotlight focused on Cybathlon, careers could ascension or autumn depending on Daniel'south performance.
All week in Zurich, Switzerland, it had been Get slow, Mark. Take it piece of cake, Marking. He understood the concern, but Daniel was determined to make the most of his first trip abroad. Before this, the Floridian hadn't done much traveling across Tallahassee.
On their first night in boondocks, before anybody went to bed, Daniel's teammates had unpacked and assembled the exoskeleton—seventy-plus pounds of aluminum-alloy frame, compact DC motors, sophisticated software, and lithium bombardment powered actuators. Daniel donned the adapt, and the engineers asked him to walk down the hallway to examination information technology. Instead, he made a beeline for the elevator, rode downward to the entrance hall, and high-stepped through the bar. The side by side twenty-four hours, in his wheelchair, Daniel rolled out to see the city.
Now, later the tumble at the venue, team members fluttered around him nervously, but he was fine, he was okay, and now it was time. Daniel was in the arena, lining up for the terminal. The half-dozen-challenge, 40-meter-long courses were laid out in side by side paths, allowing spectators to follow the action. His opponent was a human from Germany piloting a commercially made exoskeleton he'd used for years; Daniel had trained on the IHMC device for just eight weeks.
Organized and hosted past ETH Zürich, an elite Swiss science and technology academy, Cybathlon showcases individuals with significant concrete disabilities competing in races that simulate everyday tasks. It shines a spotlight on the loftier-tech prosthetic devices designed by the world'southward leading enquiry groups that enable them to compete.
Each event presents a fascinating dance between human and motorcar: the free energy of the cyclists blasting around the track in the functional electrical stimulation event; the intricate play of contestants buttering slices of bread in the powered arm prosthesis competition; the bull-rush accuse of the powered wheelchair race.
But the powered exoskeleton race, a combined athletic and engineering spectacle in which people who are paralyzed are empowered to walk, recalls the Biblical miracle at the puddle of Bethesda. Strapped into his adjust, Daniel stood for what was arguably Cybathlon'due south marquee event.
He clicked the button on the control console of his right crutch, which sent a walk control through the software in the figurer in his exoskeleton'south backpack to motors housed in the actuators encasing his leg joints. Daniel stepped to the start line. He knew that he carried a flag not just for his teammates, but for a burgeoning customs of the disabled: In the U.South. lone, an estimated 291,000 people are living with spinal-string injuries. Instead of causing him to freeze up, the force per unit area broke something open.
"Suddenly, I felt crystal clear inside my head," he says. "The stands, the fans hollering, the guy in the exo next to me—I didn't run across or hear any of that. I was in a bubble. All I saw was the lane in front of me."
Information technology'southward November 2019, and engineers at the IHMC robotics lab in Pensacola are gearing up for their 2d shot at the powered exoskeleton race when the Cybathlon returns to Zurich, currently scheduled for September 2020.
Their new, upgraded exoskeleton (dubbed "Quix"), is beginning to come together. At the daily 9:30 a.m. staff meeting, Cybathlon squad leader and senior scientist Peter Neuhaus has his game face on.
A video of the exo race at Cybathlon 2016 plays in a loop on the lab'southward overhead monitors. Information technology shows Mark Daniel maneuvering the conform gingerly every bit he ascends and descends a ramp, opens and closes a door, and negotiates a slalom line. Daniel volition return every bit the team'southward pilot at Cybathlon 2020.
Serving equally a template for the 2020 exoskeleton, the adapt Daniel wore at the 2016 event (called "Mina v2") sits in the middle of the lab, perched jauntily on an IKEA sofa. With its half-dozen-foot-alpine humanoid shape, articulated hip, knee, and ankle joints, and mechanical "feet" fix flush on the floor, the device looks like it's near to stand up and walk on its ain; a feat that, with a few tweaks, lies well inside its ability. Lead software and controls engineer and Cybathlon team fellow member Brandon Peterson explains that the software and mechanics in the exo are similar to what's used in IHMC'due south humanoid robots.
"Mark directs the exoskeleton, but he'southward actually sort of riding the device," Peterson says. "The exo weighs about 75 pounds, just the user doesn't feel like they're carrying that extra weight. Like a car or motorcycle, the exo is grounded and supports its own weight. Mark is along for the ride, only however relies on his crutches for residue."
Peterson is designing one of the key upgrades for the suit that Daniel will vesture for the 2020 competition: sensors embedded in the soles of the exo's feet that send force per unit area data to the computer housed in the suit's backpack. The computer then transmits vibrations to pads in Daniel'south vest, alerting him if he'due south off-residue and ensuring that he's in a safe position to accept another step. "Able-bodied people do that naturally, using proprioception in the lower torso to gain an understanding of their joint positions without having to look downwardly at their legs," Peterson says. "Mark can't practise that. He has no sensory feedback in his legs, and the messages to and from his brain stop at the break in his spinal cord."
There volition be other updates as well: The team has added two actuators to the exo that will allow Daniel to motion laterally without having to pivot the entire arrange. They've also shifted the transmission organisation in the DC motors from a harmonic drive, whose high gear ratio produces higher friction, to a ball-screw linkage system that reduces friction. New copper tubing volition drain oestrus from the actuators. The challenge is to make everything as cool, small, lightweight, and user-friendly equally possible.
Peterson pauses, running his hand forth the blue aluminum-anodyne actuator machined to match the length of Daniel's right thigh. "Programming rest in an democratic humanoid robot is relatively like shooting fish in a barrel," he says. "Achieving autonomous balance command on a device to which a human attached is another story. When off-remainder, the exo will brand a correction based on the software algorithm and the user will instinctively correct with their crutches. The 2 deportment can end upwardly fighting each other, resulting in a unsafe tug-of-state of war between the robot and user."
So having a human being in an exoskeleton makes the job of balancing a lot harder. Simply of course, the human being is the whole point.
Mark Daniel was five years old when he started riding dirt bikes through the pino woods effectually Pensacola. He was 15 when his mom and dad insisted he quit after a crash ruptured his spleen and nearly killed him. Daniel redirected his restless energy and hunger for adrenaline into cocaine and pocket-size-calibration street crime. He was 17 when his parents confronted him with a choice: go on on a path of self-destruction or deal with his addiction by enrolling in the Job Corps. Daniel picked Job Corps.
He arrived at the Muhlenberg Chore Corps Center in Greenville, Kentucky strung out, weighing 130 pounds, and not far from death. He sweated out the drug cravings, got certified in diesel maintenance, and learned to weld. He ran 10 miles a mean solar day (5 in the morning and 5 at night), ate upward of vi,000 daily calories, lifted weights, and put on 40 pounds of musculus. Nine months subsequently, a new homo, Daniel returned dwelling to Pensacola and dived into piece of work.
Then came October 19, 2007. A Fri night. Daniel had been working vii days a week, x to 14 hours a day, making good coin with no time to spend information technology. He was just 18, but a plan was taking shape. Piece of work for 10 years, keep saving money. Buy a place in the country with space for his tools, vehicles, and perhaps a few animals. Pay greenbacks. No mortgage. Daniel envisioned starting his own contracting company and becoming his own boss.
That Fri night, he clocked off the job—steel fabrication for a new U.Due south. Navy storage facility—around 7:30, after working 93 hours in eight days. On the style home he stopped by a friend's business firm to relax.
"Now here I am, Friday dark at Ayo's place," Daniel recalls. "Before I know it, I'm dead asleep."
Two hours later, he awoke with a jolt. Ayo urged him to get back to sleep, spend the dark on the couch, but Daniel was riding that work wheel—the iron adherence to routine and so crucial for people in recovery. He decided to make the 20-mile trip home to sleep in his own bed.
Daniel collection on a dark two-lane road in a rural stretch of Escambia County. He nodded off and brushed a guard rails on a bridge crossing the Escambia River. "I cranked upwardly the radio and reminded myself that abode was less than 10 miles away," he says. "That'south the last thing I think."
Hours later he woke up in the ICU paralyzed from the waist down. "My spinal cord was broken and one lung crushed from being smashed confronting the centre panel of my truck as it flipped seven times," he says. "Doc tells me I coded once in the medevac helicopter and once again on the operating table, and fabricated information technology clear that the only reason I survived was because I was so strong and fit."
Later 28 days in the hospital, Daniel moved back into his mother'due south firm. "One solar day I'thou laying in bed feeling sorry for myself when my mom comes into the room. She sits down and says, 'Son, I'll always support yous. But I'thousand going to die a long fourth dimension before you lot exercise. So unless you plan on laying in bed the rest of your life, you best go to piece of work.'"
Daniel went to piece of work. "Rehab city for a solid year," he says. "I accepted my situation, and decided that the wheelchair was not going to exist my burden. I was going to be a brunt to the chair."
He soon recognized that a paraplegic'south life is divers by transitions: in and out of bed, in and out of a auto, back and forth to the bathroom. Building on his active childhood and the exacting physical training he'd done in Task Corps, Daniel forged himself into a master of transitions. He learned to skid in and out of his wheelchair with ease. A few years after his blow, Daniel logged time driving for Uber and Lyft in the Pensacola surface area. Merely a handful of passengers suspected he was disabled at all.
"You take to exist willing to push it and take chances," Daniel says. "Dirt bikes taught me countless lessons growing upwardly. Ane existence that if you're non sure how a situation is going to turn out, you become full throttle to find out as quick as possible. That's how I decided to live in this wheelchair, full throttle. "
One day, near a yr after his blow, Daniel received a phone telephone call from his concrete therapist at West Florida Rehabilitation Constitute. There was a human being from IHMC who wanted to talk to him, she said.
"I lived my whole life in Pensacola only never heard of any IHMC," Daniel says. The physical therapist briefly explained who they were. "I said certain, I'll come in and talk to the homo," Daniel says. "That'south how I met Peter."
Peter Neuhaus grew up in an apartment on the West Side of Manhattan, the son of two psychologists. He graduated from MIT with a degree in mechanical applied science and earned his principal'southward at UC-Berkeley. Later on a stint teaching school back in Brooklyn, he returned to Berkeley for his doctorate. His thesis advisor was the robotics pioneer Homayoon Kazerooni, Ph.D., who is a pioneer in powered exoskeletons and founded two companies that manufacture commercial exos that are approved past the FDA.
After earning that degree and working for a Silicon Valley software startup for a few years, Dr. Neuhaus and his family unit moved to Pensacola, where he joined the programme at IHMC.
In the early 2000s, the field of wearable robotics, broadly defined as mechanical devices that enhance the physical performance of the user, experienced exponential growth in enquiry and programs. In the U.Due south., the work was supported by the federal Defence Avant-garde Research Projects Agency (DARPA), which liberally funded a program for "human being functioning augmentation," robotic devices that would boost the force, speed, and stamina of able-bodied military service members. Major universities, forth with armed services contractors such as Raytheon and Lockheed Martin, pursued research for robotic devices that could be used in factories and fulfillment centers also as on the battlefield. Internationally, automakers including Toyota, Honda, and Mitsubishi launched similar efforts.
The primary challenge, engineers discovered, was power. Pneumatic and hydraulic sources produced loftier energy output only were prohibitively heavy, and their outputs were difficult to precisely control. Electrical batteries provided a lighter alternative just were comparatively under-powered. In a size that an private could comfortably habiliment, they failed to deliver the juice required to allow soldiers to leap over flat buildings or assembly line workers to lift one thousand-pound components. For devices that could help the disabled, however, electric batteries could provide sufficient power. The field of wearable medical robotics was born, the powered exoskeleton serving as its affiche child.
There were other challenges, such as transferring power betwixt the exoskeleton and the human in it at a rate that wouldn't rip off an arm or a leg. Actuators—compartments packed with gears, electronics, and a lithium-battery-powered motor running on DC current—performed this function.
In 2005, Kazerooni, Neuhaus'southward former Berkeley advisor, founded Ekso Bionics with two partners. The visitor manufactured the first commercially available exoskeletons. The suits had two actuators per leg, placed outside the hip and human knee joints. The legs connected to an aluminum torso structure that supported the user'due south legs, back, and hips in an upright position. A calculator in the backpack ran whatsoever automatic algorithms, while the user directed the suit through a control console on one of the device's two crutches.
The suits were expensive, costing as much as $80,000. They weren't covered by insurance and required a steep learning bend. They weren't as convenient as legs: They moved slowly and couldn't be used on wet or rough terrain. The batteries failed to provide enough power for all-twenty-four hour period personal use. Merely for all their problems, exoskeletons delivered a kind of miracle: A paralyzed person could walk again.
Neuhaus thought he could improve the device. Earlier in his IHMC career, he had designed a walking algorithm for DARPA that allowed a four-legged, canis familiaris-sized robot to traverse lunar landscapes. He helped develop software for a humanoid robot named Atlas that took 2d place in the DARPA robotic challenge, netting IHMC a $i million award and international prestige. At present he aimed to import tech from both projects to a newer, meliorate exoskeleton.
Considering IHMC was a nonprofit committed to enquiry and pure science, Neuhaus didn't have to worry nearly edifice a marketable product. Later on a careful study of biomechanics, he developed an exoskeleton that added a 3rd actuator on the talocrural joint joint, which would better toe elevator-off, a key to the man gait. A paradigm showed hope, but Neuhaus had difficulty finding a disabled person with the strength, coordination, and nerve to successfully airplane pilot the conform.
"We needed a younger individual, relatively recently disabled, who hadn't lost too much muscle tone or os density," he says. "Nosotros needed a person with good able-bodied skills who wasn't threatened by machines and technology. Most of all, we needed someone who wasn't afraid."
Neuhaus asked around the Pensacola-area rehab customs and eventually contacted the West Florida eye. The staff physical therapist smiled when she heard Neuhaus' asking. "I've got just your man," she said.
We need a volunteer to give feedback on our exoskeleton, Peter Neuhaus said, and Mark Daniel was sold. It was 2009, and Daniel was a little naïve well-nigh how quickly and piece of cake walking over again would be. "I idea I'd be walking around the block the next week," he says. The beginning rig had large DC motors and very basic electronics. Daniel didn't actually command anything. The project's lead electric engineer, a guy named Travis Craig, managed all the controls.
During his early years serving as the test pilot for the IHMC exoskeleton, Daniel worked on an on-call, volunteer basis. He and Neuhaus formed an odd couple: the early on-heart-anile, MIT-educated native New Yorker, and the representative citizen of the grits-and-4-wheelers Florida Panhandle (affectionately called the Redneck Riviera by locals), who was barely out of his teens. But they rapidly formed bonds of trust and respect.
"The beginning thing I appreciated about Marking was his fearlessness," Neuhaus says. "And he had the ideal physical tools and manual skills, forth with a strong work ethic. I can't imagine a better pilot."
The feeling was mutual. Initially, when Daniel met Neuhaus, they had a father-son blazon relationship. Neuhaus had 20 years on him. "I've grown up," Daniel says now. "Now we've got more of a friendship."
Daniel began to spend more time at the lab, helping the staff with welding and other jobs. He evolved into an unofficial spokesman for IHCM and the exoskeleton, speaking to the media and making public appearances.
More important, Daniel exhibited an innate souvenir for piloting the exoskeleton; an near artistic arroyo to marrying human with machine.
"I feel comfortable in the conform," Daniel says. "Merely it'southward too a niggling weird—like driving a auto with a slack steering wheel. There's a lag betwixt thinking about making a move or step and really doing it." In the suit, Daniel runs through the endless decisions, big and modest, that make balancing in an exoskeleton such a challenge. "Meanwhile, I'm thinking ahead, watching the footing, thinking about how many steps to those stairs or that door and how am I going to position myself when I get to that betoken. Am I going to turn the exo iii-quarters or half-way? Information technology sounds complicated, only inside my head it's all very seamless and automatic.
"Being in the exo doesn't give me whatsoever superpowers," Daniel says. "Simply it gives me back some of what I lost."
Cybathlon 2016 shaped up equally the ideal place to showcase—and exam—the IHMC exoskeleton, along with Daniel's ability to pilot it. Held over two days in front of a crowded arena and drawing heavy media coverage, the inaugural 2016 effect attracted 66 teams from 25 nations. Combining aspects of a scientific conference, consumer electronics bear witness, and an indoor track meet, Cybathlon functioned as a rendezvous for the globe's leading robotics enquiry groups.
In that location was a brain-computer interface competition in which pilots controlled a character in a virtual running race. The pilots, all of whom had consummate or severe loss of motor part from the neck down, jockeyed devices that enabled them to guide an avatar using specific patterns of encephalon activation. An wrong brain point slowed the avatar-runner. If the reckoner received the proper brain signal, the avatar booked.
In the exo race, pilots faced six tasks in 10 minutes, all of them mimicking existent life movements. They were required to stand from a sitting position on a sofa; to walk upwardly and down a tilted ramp; to walk upward and down a flight of stairs. All tasks an exoskeleton would be expected to ace if the technology were supporting a disabled person in the real globe.
"Cybathlon was something new for us," Neuhaus says. "It was a sporting event, non a demonstration of a image. The goal was to show your engineering and win your race. But the biggest deviation was that a fallible, unpredictable human being would be doing the racing, not an autonomous robot."
The IHMC suit came together merely eight weeks before the competition. Team engineers labored through fourteen-hour days. Neuhaus hired Daniel to work total-time equally a paid staffer, training for half-dozen hours a day in the suit. He augmented his routine with daily fifteen-mile workouts in a manually powered wheelchair, and hours of pond.
"We shared what we were doing open-source, we had a blog, merely we had no idea what other teams were doing," Neuhaus says. "We thought the ankle-articulation actuator would requite u.s. an edge, but we weren't certain. In the cease, then much depended on Mark."
"Zurich was an amazing experience right from the jump," Daniel says. "Y'all get around most disabled folks, and a fair pct have a somewhat pessimistic take on life. But the people doing Cybathlon were all outgoing, energetic, optimistic—they didn't experience sorry for themselves, and they were thrilled most the technology that allow them compete."
The team that left a lasting marking on Daniel, however, was from the Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center. Marking Muhn, a then-59-year-old framing contractor from California paralyzed from the shoulders down in a ski accident, piloted Squad Cleveland's entry in the functional electrical stimulation cycling race. In this outcome, pilots pedaled a recumbent bike or custom-adapted trike around a track under their ain ability thanks to electrodes that stimulated their fretfulness and muscles. The electronic impulses came out of command boxes that all but 1 of the pilots had taped to their thighs. The exception was Muhn from Team Cleveland.
Muhn'southward electrodes had been surgically inserted inside his body. Developed by Ron Triolo, Ph.D., pb engineer for Team Cleveland, the multichannel implantable pulse generator (IPG) could potentially improve performance in the bike race by 25 pct, a greater advantage than Daniel received from the ankle actuators in his exoskeleton.
Muhn smoked his competitors in the bike race, winning the gilt medal by a half-lap margin over the silver medalist, who was half Muhn'south historic period. "That impressed me, but what actually fascinated me was the musculus mass on Muhn," Daniel says. "His implants had stimulated his musculus fibers to grow. Increased muscle mass can meliorate your metabolism, claret lipid profile, os density—practically every physical function. Mark Muhn really had an donkey to sit on. I hadn't had an donkey for 9 years."
In 2016, Daniel lined upwards for the finals next to Andre van Rüshen, a burly middle-anile German language wearing a suit from ReWalk, a manufacturer of commercially available exoskeletons. The spectators packing the stands at the SWISS Arena stomped their anxiety and clanged cowbells. The couch challenge was first, and Daniel stood upward and sat downward deliberately and carefully. Heading for the straight ramp, he and Van Rushen were dead even. Daniel swung up the ramp and poked a door open with his pikestaff.
Daniel pivoted to close the door, turning the entire rig ninety degrees, and as he did then he tipped back for an instant. Two spotters leaped forwards to catch him, just Daniel righted himself, regaining his balance. He poked the door closed, swiveled again, and swung downwards the ramp to engage with the next claiming: walking a stepping-stone class without missing any of the stones. That was where the gamesmanship began.
The rules permit you lot to omit one challenge, and the High german chose to bypass the stepping stones. It'due south worth fewer points than the adjacent claiming, the tilted ramp, which Daniel and IHMC squad had decided to skip. During practice runs in the lab, their exo had performed awkwardly on the tilt. "I was able to complete information technology," Daniel says, "only as a squad, they decided that it wasn't worth the risk."
Daniel nailed the stepping stones and walked around the tilted ramp. He and van Rüshen were even again as they headed to the final challenge, the stairs. The crowd noise pumped upwardly a notch.
Daniel poled up the stairs facing forward. Reaching the platform, he suddenly realized his right cane wasn't tethered to the exoskeleton. "I felt that cane starting to sideslip, and if that happened, we were toast. Y'all can't walk an inch in the exo without your canes," Daniel says. Everything went clear. He reached out and grabbed the the cable that linked it to the arrange and snatched the pikestaff back into his manus.
For improve balance and control, Daniel descended the stairs backwards. Then ane more than battleship plow, and he and van Rüshen crossed the stop line in a expressionless estrus. Considering of the skipped ramp, the German won on points, 552 to 545.
Shortly afterward he returned from Cybathlon 2016, Mark Daniel embarked on another, even more ambitious take chances: a wheelchair expedition across the United States. Daniel journeyed solo, on a standard, manually powered wheelchair largely unmodified for long-haul travel. On a cold morning time in March 2017, Daniel started with his wheels in the Atlantic Body of water, on the embankment in Delaware.
"Far as I could tell, no ane had ever washed that before," he says. "Turned out, I couldn't practice it either." He made it 352 miles to a mountain in Western Maryland, merely developed pressure sores on his lower back that required bed residuum to heal. "It was disappointing," Daniel says. "But I learned a lot." He's planning a 2nd shot in early 2021, after the next Cybathlon and the Toyota Mobility Unlimited Challenge finals, which he and the team qualified for in 2019, and which came with a one-half-one thousand thousand-dollar prize and a trip to Tokyo.
Daniel's trust in the wheelchair is absolute. "After 12 years in the chair, there isn't annihilation I can't brand information technology do," he says. The exo just isn't every bit reliable yet. "It better exist foolproof," he says. "And that's the case for the great majority of people with lower-limb paralysis. Until that turns around—and I'm convinced it volition—the exo'south going to be a tough sell for disabled people. I love piloting it, merely it's not my manner out. I'm doing this for some eighteen-year-old disabled kid in the future. Years from now, that kid'south going to stand up and walk in an exoskeleton with all its bugs ironed out. That exo's going to be affordable, and as easy and natural to use as a wheelchair is today."
Daniel takes a similarly measured, long-term view of IPG technology. With the Squad Cleveland research group financing the procedure in commutation for Daniel volunteering equally a test subject field, he underwent the difficult surgery in December 2018 at the VA infirmary in Cleveland.
"It took 12 hours," Daniel says. "First I got this—" He lifts his shirt to show the outline of a cigarette-pack-sized box bulging the flesh of his abdomen. "—and so they wired it up to electrodes in sixteen places around my body." Daniel lifts his pant leg to show 1 of the two-inch scars from the 16 dissever incisions.
IPG surgery carries a loftier risk of infection, and the electrodes often habiliment out. Mark Muhn has endured three separate surgeries over the last vii years, ranging from 5 to 12 hours duration.
"Is it worth it? Absolutely," Muhn says. "Everything is working improve—increased muscle mass, circulation, metabolism, strength and endurance, bone density. With the functional electrical stimulation hookup on my bike, I can ride exterior in a park instead of being stuck within a gym."
Daniel reports similar results. "Last week, when I got out of the shower, I could see definition in my calf muscle," he says. "And I'm steadily edifice an donkey to sit on."
Notwithstanding he also acknowledges IPG'southward limitations. Daniel can simply grow muscle mass when exercising on the recumbent bike continued to the device activating the implants. "The balance of the fourth dimension, all those wires are merely expressionless weight inside of me," he says. Past the aforementioned token, although researchers in Cleveland are working on one, there is non yet an interface between Team Cleveland's IPG and IMHC's exoskeleton.
That means, dissimilar Muhn, Daniel won't directly benefit from his implants when he steps to the starting line for his race at Cybathlon 2020. But to stand up, to walk, and to know that futurity generations will probable regard today's exoskeleton the mode nosotros look at the Wright Brothers' airplane—all of that will be reward plenty.
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Source: https://www.popularmechanics.com/adventure/sports/a30693916/cybathlon-bionic-olympics/
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